崔佳佳
怀集中学 广东 肇庆 526400
【摘要】阅读理解在高考英语试题中占有非常大的比率，而阅读理解也是学生们比较难攻克的一关。要想在英语中取得高分，学生首先要具备一定的词汇量及一定的语法知识；其次更重要的是了解历年来阅读理解命题的基本特点并掌握一定的阅读技能。然而在近年来的高考阅读理解题中，有相当大的部分属于事实题或细节题，所占分值也相当的大。因此笔者将就这类题的题型特点及正确解法作简要分析。
【关键词】 英语阅读 细节理解 解题技巧
众所周知，阅读理解是一个非常灵活的题型，其文章的选材非常广泛，内容也很丰富。其次，阅读理解的文体也是多变的。但阅读理解的主要目的在于考查学生对于不同体裁或不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及通过材料的阅读，对材料中信息的捕获能力。因此掌握阅读理解中的常考题型和阅读技巧策略势必会给同学们带来很大的帮助。高考英语阅读理解试题的题目大致可分为细节理解题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、推理判断题等。其中，细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节做出正确的理解。细节理解题在整份试卷中约占三分之二。接下来笔者将重点分析阅读理解中的细节题。
一．高中英语阅读理解中细节题命题特点
细节题考查的重点是考查学生对于阅读材料具体事实或细节的理解能力，《英语新课程标准》五级阅读技能。这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干或题肢的关键词，在文中找到题目的信息区间，仔细比对，就能得出答案，因此对这类题目要做到读得快、答得准，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。做此类试题时一定要关注所阅读的文章的细节，如时间，地点或一些具体数字等，在选择答案时，务必从原文中找到确切的依据，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常以（1）who, what,why,how，which，when,where,how much，how many等特殊疑问词开头进行提问。（2）或以是非题形式出现，通常用true/false,not true/false提问以及用according to the text开头。（3）填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。（4）就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。
二．事实细节题解题技巧
细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词我们需要注意，在因果关系中，表原因的标志词有because,because of, since, as,for,now that,the main reason for...is等等；表结果的标志词so,therefore,for that reason,hence,thus,consequently等。表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
1.审读题干抓关鍵，定位信息区间。
抓题干关键词，首先要关注的是比较醒目的专有名词，如大写的人名、地名等，也可以是其他比较容易定位原文的单词或短语。确定关键词时，要注意该词在原文中的唯一性，这样有助于快速定位原文的信息区间。然后根据题干中的关键词，结合命题的顺序原则（即题目的顺序与文章的顺序大体一致）回到原文找命题的信息区间。
2.选顶与原文逐一比对，确定正确选项。
把ABCD四个选项的内容与原文信息逐一对比，仔细甄别，排除干扰选项，最终确定正确答案。例如：
[典例1] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)：
Frank Hurley's pictures would be outstanding — undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism — if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck (海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
第一步：审读题干抓关键，定位信息区间。根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则，可以确定本题的关键词为Hurley和photos。从而定位本题的信息区间。第二步：选项与原文逐一比对，确定正确选项D。D. They recorded a disastrous adventure.原文信息：they were shot ... after a disastrous shipwreck (海难)...正误分析：文中说在一次海难后拍的，也就是题干所说的记录的是一次灾难性探险。
[典例2](2016·河北衡水中学高三一调)
International Studies (BA文学士)
Key features
·Recognizes the “global community”
·Has close connections with practical research
·Much of the teaching is done in small discussion groups
About the course
The course focuses on the complex relations between nation states. It will provide more opportunity to study specific issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of international bodies such as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
The course applies theories to the working of the international system with close attention to particular countries. It provides students with a better knowledge of ways to solve international problems.
Related courses
BA (Hons) Community Management
BA (Hons) Public Policy and Management
Employment possibilities
International organizations
International business
Earth Science (BSc理学士)
Key features
·Based on key courses and the latest research findings
·Pays much attention to practical skills
·Offers chances for fieldwork
About the course
The demand and competition for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind. Graduates in Earth Science will play an important role in meeting this demand, and in how these natural resources will be used.
The course covers geography and geology (地质学). You will carry out fieldwork in the UK and possibly abroad, and in your final year complete a research project in an area of interest to you.
Related courses
BSc (Hons) Geography
BSc (Hons) Geology
Employment possibilities
Mineral, oil, water or other related engineering industries
分析解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了两种学位课程的相关信息。
International Studies is a course in ________.
A．international politics B．international business
C．international bodies D．international relations
解析：细节理解题。根据“The course focuses on the complex relations between nation states.”可知，International Studies课程的内容主要是关于国际关系的。故选D。
After taking the course of International Studies, the students will ________.
A．become practical and open-minded
B．have a greater ability to discuss theories
C．know ways to settle problems between countries
D．have good jobs in any international organization
解析：细节理解题。根据“It provides students with a better knowledge of ways to solve international problems.”可知，学完International Studies这门课程后，学生可以学会解决国际问题的方法。故选C。
Earth Science, as described in the second text, ________.
A．is attractive because of the chance for fieldwork
B．pays more attention to theories than practical skills
C．is built on important courses and the results of recent studies
D．encourages students to play a role in using natural resources
解析：细节理解题。根据“Based on key courses and the latest research findings”可知，Earth Science课程建立在重要的课程和近期的研究成果之上。故选C。
三．细节理解题正确选项特点
1．同义替换。
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。正确答案的特点即原文部分表述的同义转换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important改成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。例如：(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)
Jane Addams (1860-1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. .
What is Jane Addams noted for in history?
A．Her social work.
B．Her teaching skills.
C．Her efforts to win a prize.
D．Her community background.
正确答案：A. 分析选项特征：A.Her social work.原文中“a social worker”和选项中“social work”意思相近，故A项正确，选项特征为同义替换。
2．语言简化。 选项与原文比较，把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
例如 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?
A．Her lack of proper training in law.
B．Her little work experience in court.
C．The discrimination against women.
D．The poor financial conditions.
正确答案：C. C．The discrimination against women.由文中“she could not find ...a woman”可知C项正确。因为是女性所以找不到工作，也就是性别歧视。选项特征为语言简化。
3.正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。适用于寻找错误选项的题目。如：2005年北京市中考题阅读理解 C 篇
Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Eating more fruit and vegetables is good for people.
B. We should eat and drink things with little sugar.
C. We should spend the same time on both sitting-down activities and sports.
D. Eating too much makes you feel comfortable.
这是一篇健康养生的文章，很有现实意义。作者标出4个要点。读出4个要点。看题目（读题）。 D选项所对应的句子是 When your stomach feels comfortably full, stop eating. Eating too much makes you feel uncomfortable. If you do it too often, it can make you unhealthy and fat.这样不难看出答案是D。
当然，根据阅读材料我们也可以使用排除法选出正确答案。常见的错误选项通常分为以下几类：各种偷换。偷换时态，已然时态、未然时态、进行时态。三种时态之间不能被偷换。还有三种数量之间不能被偷换。如较多量、较少量、中间量等。此外逻辑关系不能被偷换。又或是无中生有、曲解文义概念、颠倒是非等，这样导致与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。总之，要提高学生细节理解题的得分率，自然离不开大量的练习。在掌握了上述解题技巧的基础上，还要通过反复大量的练习，这样就可以提高学生解答细节题的效率和正确率。
参考文献：
[1]林琼.高中英语阅读理解能力教学初探[j].2003(12).
[2]王燕.高中英语阅读中的细节理解题分析[j]2014,8.
[3]梁承锋.走进高中英语教学现场 北京:首都师范大学出版社,2008.
[4]江晔雯.新课程名特忧教师同步说课与示范, 2010.