张盼
山东微山县张楼镇第一中学 277607
一口流利标准的口语是每个语言学习者的梦想。《英语课程标准》 对说的能力要求主要包括：能清晰和准确地发音；能运用正确语音语调进行朗读和背诵；能简要地复述故事，描述个人的经历，进行简单的日常会话，参与讲故事，角色表演；能表达一定的观点，见解；能就熟悉的话题进行采访，传达信息，进行口头报告。在课堂教学中，教师可根据学生的水平，从以下几个方面设计不同的方法，进行口语训练。
一、 营造宽松和谐的学习氛围，使学生敢于开口。
教师要消除学生的紧张情绪，要耐心倾听并理解学生的不连贯，甚至词不达意的，不成熟的英语，就像母亲倾听婴儿咿呀学语，这样才能使学生敢于开口。教师应引导学生感兴趣的话题，设计适合学生年龄特点的活动方式，创设生动，活泼的教学情境，使每一位学生乐于开口，甚至急于开口。
二、创设话题情景，多进行语境教学。
初中英语新教材基本上以话题为主线，围绕生动有趣的生活话题，为学生进行口语活动创设明确的情境，让学生学会运用所学的短语，句型自己创造对话等，这种贴近生活的会话表演，使学生参与热情高，心理压力小，在轻松，愉快的氛围中锻炼口语交际能力。
三、 变换训练方法，提高训练效果。在日常的口语教学中，每种训练方法使用时间不要太长，以免产生厌烦情绪。进行口语训练应采用几种方法：朗读与说话相结合，复述与设问相结合，课内与课外相结合。课内选用易记，易上口的材料；课外组织有益发展英语口语的活动，如英语角，英语演讲比赛，英语讲座，英语歌曲，或英语电视节目等进行听说训练。
发音准确，语音，语言流畅是培养学生提高英语口语兴趣的一项基本功。开始不要太计较语法错误，鼓励学生不怕别人笑话，敢于开口，敢于向别人发问，敢于回答别人的问题，敢于用简单的英语进行交流。这是学生兴趣很浓，情绪高涨。在这样一个愉快，有兴趣的氛围里，学生很快掌握并灵活运用了所学的句型。有自卑感，不张口的学生也能争先恐后地表演。这样，不知不觉地培养了学生的学习兴趣，又训练了学生的口语能力。通过这种方式所达到的效果是单词单调的讲解和生硬的操练所望尘莫及的。所以，兴趣的激发，培养和巩固是英语口语能力培养的关键。另每天坚持让学生做值日生报告。讲有趣的小故事也是培养学生兴趣的一个途径，内容自由选择，自己整理，自己口述，坚持每天都进行，让每一个小组讨论，准备，推出一个同学口述，要求每个组讲的题目不一样。这样每个同学都能得到锻炼。长期坚持，效果显著，课堂气氛活跃，激发了学生的独立思考，锻炼了胆量，使所学的知识得到及时的巩固。
课例展示
“Make our world more beautiful” 教学片段
（教师要求学生从报刊或利用网络等多途径搜集有关人为破坏环境的图片资料）
T:Now boys and girls, I’d like to show you some pictures. Please watch carefully, describe them and tell us how you feel.
(教师利用多媒体手段呈现以下画面）
（1）清晨，公园鸟语花香，人们悠闲地晨练。
（2）茂密的森林里，猴子自由地跳跃玩耍，鸟儿在枝头呢喃。
（3）海南三亚大东海彩霞漫天，椰风海韵。鱼帆点点，游人戏水。
（4）夜晚，群星灿烂，一轮皎月洒下如水的光华。
（学生认真观看，发出阵阵赞叹声）
T: Beautiful pictures, right? Well, now who would like to share your opinions？
（学生们纷纷举手）
S1: This is a park. In the moring, there are all kinds of flowers . Birds are singing. Some people are having sports.
T: How do you feel？
S1: Beautiful, quiet.
S2: Picture 2 is a forest.There are a lot of different trees, beautiful and tall. Monkeys are jumping up and down, birds are singing. They are enjoying themselves.
S3: I think it’s Da Dong Hai in Sanya in Picture 3.
The water is clean and blue. There are colorful clouds in the sky. There are many coconut trees and many boats. Some people are swimming in the sea. How I wish I could live there.
T: That’s my dream,too. Maybe we can go there for a visit one day.
S4: That’s a wonderful and quiet evening. In the sky there are many bright stars. The moon is round, like a plate, shining brightly.
T: How peaceful! On such an evening, what do you want to do?
S4: Take a walk with my best friend along the river.
T: Good idea!
S5: Have a good drink in the park.
S6: Walk into the quiet forest and do some thinking.
S7: I will just stay at home,watching the sky and stars with my telescope.
T: Do you really think so? The chance to see so beautiful a scene is getting less and less.
Ss: Yes.
T: So you mean the earth is being destroyed by man. I think you have collected many pictures about that, right? Who will show your pictures on the projector？
（学生把搜集来的图片呈现出来：光秃秃的山，脏而发黑发臭的河流，肆虐的沙尘暴，灰蒙蒙的天空，高耸入云的大烟囱—— 浓烟滚滚，被原油污染的海滩—— 死鱼到处可见，海鸥在悲哀地盘旋）
T: So what do you think now, class? I feel really sad.
Ss: Terrible!..Dirty!...
S8: They made me sick.
S9: We can’t live on this earth any more, it is not good for our health.
S1: The earth is no more our beautiful and lovely home.
T: Then who do you think should be punished?
Ss: Humans!
T: Have you ever seen such a scene around you?
S10: Yes.The river near our school is very very dirty. We can’t swim in it. The factory is pouring waste water into the river every day.
S4: The streets in our city are not clean enough.
S7: People throw rubbish everywhere.
...
T: You have made full prepations. Now we see our lovely home is becoming dirtier and uglier, not suitable to live. Then what should we do to help improve the environment?
(学生思考片刻后举手）
S2: Don’t cut down trees any more, instead, we should plant more trees and flowers.
S6：Teach people to form a good habit of keeping clean.Don’t throw litter on the ground.
S8: Be kind to animals, they are our friends.
S13: Move the factories out of cities.
S4: Everyone has the duty to love and protect the environment.
T: Good suggestions! I’m really proud of you. But let me ask you, have you ever done anything to help protect our home?
(学生陷入思考中)
T: Ok, let’s come to the passage. Read it carefully and think about the questions. You may ask yourselves or your classmates.
这节课例口语设计的时候就注重实现课堂教学与社会环境的沟通，把课堂的小天地和生活大课堂结合。这样，语言学习就有着良好的社会环境可以实践，有着丰富的资源可以利用。学生生活在社会环境中，生活中处处都是语言素材，时时都有学习的机会。教师要引导学生充分利用这些资源，提高学生的英语素养。课堂教学与社会环境的沟通是多方面，教师应努力寻找沟通的渠道。外语学习没有汉语学习的环境，但是为了提高外语学习效率，教师应尽可能创设外语学习的真实语境，利用社会生活丰富多彩的素材，使课堂小社会和生活大社会紧密联系在一起，使语言真实，生动，富有生活气息，容易被学生接受，变成学生自己的知识，将口语教学生活化。