资远英 砚山县第一中学
【摘要】高考无疑是一个人人生中的大事，如何备考高考对学生能否在高考中取得成功又起着至关重要的作用。教师作为学生在学习路上的指路明灯，既要有丰富的专业知识，又要知道在什么时期采取什么教学方法。本文主要针对进入高三下学期的学生，谈谈少教多学的教学方法在高三英语二轮复习中的应用。
【关键词】概念 背景 少教多学在二轮复习中的应用
中图分类号：G652.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：ISSN1672-2051 （2021）8-171-04
一 少教多学的概念。
少教多学，是以学生为主体的教学理念，重点是学生学习能力、思考能力与解决问题能力的培养，教师摒弃简单灌输知识的做法，引导学生积极参与到教与学的活动中。学生在自主获得知识的学习过程中充分享受学习的快乐，做到乐于学习、善于学习。
二 本文谈论的少教多学的应用背景。
高三下学期已经进入高考备考的关键时期，经过高一高二的基础知识学习和高三的一轮复习，学生已经掌握了英语基础知识并得到了巩固，学生已经会使用已掌握的知识来处理大部分的问题，教师只是提供解题方法的指导和对部分难题进行解析，因此在二轮复习中，教师要把更多的时间放给学生，实行少教多学的教学方法就再合适不过了。
三 少教多学在高三英语二轮复习中的应用。
高三二轮复习是在第一轮对应考知识点进行滴水不漏的复习之后，按照高考命题内容、形式及要求进行的专题复习。二轮复习强调针对性，对各个题型进行专门集中训练，以达到熟悉题型、提高理解能力、掌握解题技巧的目的。同时二轮复习又要为第三轮的综合训练进行必要的知识和能力储备。因此二轮复习要求老师指导学生巩固知识，正确理解和运用知识，侧重培养学生实现由语言知识到应用能力的转化，才能使得此轮复习真正具有实效性，起到承上启下的作用。（摘自《谈谈如何进行高三英语二轮复习》）
在二轮复习的教学课堂中，既要发挥教师的主导作用，又要充分体现学生的主体地位。采用少教多学的方法，在二轮复习中是非常合适的。下面我就以2017年全国卷3的英语高考真题为例，谈谈少教多学在高考题型的阅读、完型填空、语法填空、短文改错四个专题训练中的应用。
㈠ 少教多学在阅读专题中的应用。
首先让学生在40分钟内做完2017年全国卷3的英语阅读题。试题内容如下：
San Francisco Fire Engine Tours
San Francisco Winery Tour
Running: February 1st through April 30th
This delicious tour goes through the city on its way to Treasure Island where we will stop at the famous Winery SF. Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best wine San Francisco has to offer.(Included in tickets price)
Departing from the Cannery: Tour times upon request.
Duration(时长): 2 hours
Price: $90
Back to the Fifties Tour
Running: August 16th through August 31st
This tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco’s most fantastic periods, the 1950s! Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.
Departing from the Cannery: 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm
Duration: 2 hours
Price: $90
Spooky Halloween Tour
Running: October 10th through October 31st
Join us for a ride through the historical Presidio district. Authentic fire gear(服装) is provided for your warmth as our entertainers take you to some of the most thrilling parts of San Francisco.
Departing from the Cannery: 6:30 pm and 8:30 pm
Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes
Price: Available upon request
Holiday Lights Tour
Running: December 6th through December 23nd
This attractive tour takes you to some of San Francis’s most cheerful holiday scenes. Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday spirit.
Departing from the Cannery: 7:00 pm and 9:00 pm
Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes
Advance reservations required.
21. Which of the tours is available in March?
A. San Francisco Winery Tour. B. Back to the Fifties Tour.
C. Spooky Hallowen Tour. D. Holiday Lights Tour.
22. What can tourists do on Back to the Fifties Tours?
A. Go to Treasure Island. B. Enjoy the holiday scenes.
C. Have free ice cream. D. Visit the Presidio district.
23. What are tourists required to do to go on Holiday Lights Tour?
A. Take some drinks. B. Set off early in the morning.
C. Wear warm clothes. D. Make reservations in advance.
B
Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater’s 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building’s end.
The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.
Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete. He added that the theater’s location(位置) was also a reason. ＂This used to be the center of town,＂ he said. ＂Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.＂
Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.
24. In what way was yesterday’s cleanup at the Plaza special?
A. It made room for new equipment.
B. It signaled the closedown of the theater.
C. It was done with the help of the audience.
D. It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.
25. Why was The Last Picture Show put on?
A. It was an all-time classic. B. It was about the history of the town.
C. The audience requested it. D. The theater owner found it suitable.
26. What will probably happen to the building?
A. It will be repaired. B. It will be turned into a museum.
C. It will be knocked down. D. It will be sold to the city government.
27. What can we infer about the audience?
A. They are disappointed with Bradford. B. They are sad to part with the old theater.
C. They are supportive of the city officials. D. They are eager to have a shopping center.
C
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
D
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named ＂DriveLAB＂ in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: ＂For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.＂
＂But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.＂
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.
＂For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
＂We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂
32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A. To explore new means of transport. B. To design new types of cars.
C. To find out older driver’s problems. D. To teach people traffic rules.
33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A. It keeps them independent. B. It helps them save time.
C. It builds up their strength. D. It cures their mental illnesses.
34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A. Improve their driving skills. B. Develop driver-assist technologies.
C. Provide tips on repairing their cars. D. Organize regular physical checkups.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. A new Model Electric Car B. A Solution to Traffic Problems
C. Driving Services for Elders D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
第二节 (共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resting your body clock. 36 Here’s how to make one.
● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
● Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.
● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. 39
● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
A. Get a sleep specialist.
B. Find the right motivation.
C. A better plan for sleep can help.
D. And consider setting a second alarm.
E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.
G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.
40分钟时间到的时候，让学生在小组中讨论，每个小组负责一篇文章，总结出各种题型的做题思路，并得出具体的解题方法。讨论完毕之后，每个小组的发言人，向全班同学报告本组的讨论结果。然后，老师再根据每个小组的发言，进行补充和修正，总结出阅读理解的解题思路和方法。
首先，A篇应用文，先看题目得知是介绍旧金山的四个旅游活动和路线，然后就直接去看题目，根据题目的题干信息，直接去文中找到对应的信息就可以得出正确答案，省时又轻松。这种方法称为寻读法，适用于A篇应用文。
其次，BCD三篇文章通常需要在理解和分析的基础上，才能做对各个题。因此，学生需要先读文章，掌握文章的大意，并明确各个段落讲了哪方面的内容，再去看题目，根据提问方式，辨别题型，采用相应的解题方法才能选出正确答案。1. 细节理解题（如24，32题）：读完题目对相关信息进行快速定位，直接找到答案，或者进行理解，对比和甄别得出正确答案。2. 推理判断题（如：25，26，27，30，31，33，34题）：首先找到信息的来源点，在进行理解和分析之后，推断出正确选项。3. 词义猜测题（如：29题）：一般考查考生对生词、熟词生义词、短语、代词的指代的猜测以及对句子的理解等。考生需要熟练掌握构词法，可根据前缀和后缀推测词义，还要学会利用上下文语境、利用定义、解释、举例和对比转折等线索来进行判断。4. 主旨大意题（如：35，28题）：主旨大意题可分为篇章主旨和段落主旨。一篇文章通常开门见山就表明文章的主题，或是通过最后一段进行一个总结，因此篇章主题主要通过文章首段和结尾一段来判断，有时也要根据文章的整体内容进行概括。段落主旨就看段落首句和段落的理解。5. 七选五的（36-40题)：这类题要把对文章的理解和一些技巧相结合。有些技巧，在本篇文章中没有体现，但是老师可以告诉同学们在以后做题时可以用到。第一. 找到有提示作用的关键词。如36题，根据后句的one可以提示选C，40题后的If not提示选E。 第二，段落小标题，它的特征就是短并且和其它小标题的句子结构通常是一样的，在结合段落的内容可选出正确答案。第三，一些转折性的词语，如however,but提示选项内容是和后一句的内容相反。第四，代词，如果后一句出现了代词，那么前一句内容中就必然提到了某个名词。
技巧总结出来后，让学生牢记，然后在通过另一组阅读题，对这些解题思路和方法进行巩固。
㈡ 少教多学在完型填空专题中的应用。
给学生20分钟时间，先完成下面这篇完型填空。
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman. But 41 apply. You must be named Elizabeth Gallagher and have a Canadian 42 .
Jordan Axani, 28, said he and his then girlfriend, Elizabeth Gallagher, booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May, but their 43 ended and he did not want her ticket to 44 . The ticket had a strict no-transfer（不可转让） 45 , but since passport information was not required when 46 , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can 47 it.
＂I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy,＂ said Axani. He posted his 49 on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallaghers with the 50 passports. ＂More 51 , there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in 52 their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,＂ Axani said. ＂It was absolutely out of 53 , thousands of e-mails, people around the world 54 their stories of travel.＂
Axani wrote in his post that he is not 55 anything in return and that the woman who uses the 56 ticket can choose to either travel with him or 57 the ticket and travel on her own.
The 58 is scheduled to start on December 21 in New York City and continue on to Milan, Prague, Paris, Bangkok and New Delhi before 59 in Toronto on January 8. He said the 60 woman will be announced on the website and the trip will be shared online.
41. A. benefits B. deposits C. restrictions D. examinations
42. A. origin B. passport C. accent D. friend
43. A. holiday B. marriage C. dream D. relationship
44. A. go to waste B. come to mind C. go on sale D. come into effect
45. A. policy B. order C. payment D. schedule
46. A. applying B. booking C. checking D. bargaining
47. A. use B. borrow C. choose D. buy
48. A. sacrifice B. express C. experience D. provide
49. A. answer B. advice C. offer D. comment
50. A. same B. right C. new D. real
51. A. interesting B. annoying C. satisfying D. convincing
52. A. writing B. giving C. lending D. changing
53. A. touch B. question C. date D. control
54. A. admiring B. advertising C. sharing D. doubting
55. A. leaving B. looking for C. losing D. dealing with
56. A. single B. strange C. regular D. extra
57. A. return B. take C. reserve D. hide
58. A. interview B. program C. trip D. meeting
59. A. ending B. calling C. repeating D. staying
60. A. honored B. lovely C. intelligent D. lucky
20分钟到，就让学生自己总结一下做题中的思路和一些心得，然后再让学生在小组中讨论，把个人的心得进行一个整合，最后形成一个完整的方案。通过各组的发言人的报告，最终形成下面的总结：
完型填空关键是要看懂文章的内容，注意上下文的内容之间的联系，如果某一空当时没有头绪，可以先空着，读到后面就可能出现了这个答案的提示。还有有些时候读了一句话不知道空格里要填什么，就需要去读四个选项的内容，把每个选项的意思看懂之后再看哪一个选项带进去句子的意思通顺或者符合语境。要想做好完型填空题，需要我们储备大量的词汇和对文章的理解能力。
㈢ 少教多学在语篇填空专题中的应用。
老师要求学生15分钟内完成下面的填空题。
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 (rest). Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time. But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 65 (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).
She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 68 engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, ＂My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69 (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.＂
15分钟时间到，老师先给学生对答案，然后给学生10分钟的时间，自己思考和总结考查了什么内容，以什么方式出现，并记录下来。最后在老师提问的引导下，完成全面的考点和做题思路的总结。
老师问：“有提示词有几个？无提示词有几个？”学生答：“有提示词7个，无提示词3个。” 老师又问：“有提示的词都有哪些词？”学生答：“动词，名词和形容词。”老师说：“对，都是实词。”老师接着问：“三个没有提示的词，应该填些什么词呢？” 学生答：“就是虚词咯。”老师说：“对，虚词包括有冠词、介词、从句的连词，关系词，副词等。”老师再问：“提示词中，什么词考查的最多？”学生答：“动词。”老师说：“是呀，本篇动词一共考查了5处，61题和65题考查非谓语动词，63和69考查了谓语动词，66题考查动词转化为名词。”
接着老师就把做题思路和方法完整的写在黑板上。
有提示词：
1.名词。①变复数。一般加s. ② 词型转变。变为动词，形容词或副词。
2.动词。①先判断是作谓语还是非谓语。找句子中有无谓语，只作谓语的结构有：be（am, is, are,was, were）,情态动词+do, will+do, have/has/had+done,动词+s, 动词原形（排除一些特定结构）
②如果句中无谓语动词，所填动词作谓语，判断时态（根据时间状语或语境）和语态（谓语动词的被动必须有be动词+动词过去分词）
③如果句中已有谓语动词，那么所填动词为非谓语动词，主动关系v-ing，被动关系v-ed，目的或将来to do （特定结构如way to do, 序数词或最高级+名词+to do）
3. 形容词和副词。①两者相互转换。②变为比较级或最高级。注意提示词：than, even, the, the word, one of ③变为反义词。
注意：所有提示词都有可能考到词性转换。
无提示词：
1.冠词。a, an, the 修饰名词。
2.介词。固定短语，具体用法。
3.连词。and(并列)，but(转折)，because(因为)，so(结果)，if(条件)，though/although（让步），when(时间)，how(方式)
4.副词。 however, so/such, than, therefore, thus等。
5.代词。人称代词，反身代词，形容词性物主代词，it作形式主语或形式宾语。
6.关系词。定语从句中的关系代词：who, whom, that, which, whose, as关系副词:where, when, why, 介词+which/whom
7.引导词。名词性从句中的what（物）, that（不缺成分）是常考点。
学生做好笔记之后，熟记这些规则和解题方法，再通过大量的练习学会应用这些规则和解题方法。
㈣ 少教多学在短文改错中的应用。
首先老师对改错格式作一个统一的要求，然后让学生在10分钟内完成下面的短文改错题。
短文改错(共10小题；每小题l分，满分10分)
When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically and also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club. Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums. This picture often brings back to me many happy
学生完成改错之后，老师马上给学生对答案，然后学生分别在自己的试卷上标出，每个错误点考查的是什么。然后，老师分别叫10个学生起来，每人回答一个考点。学生分别说出了考查的内容包括：介词，动词，限定词，定语从句关系词，名词，形容词和代词。老师再帮助学生把考查的方式归纳完整。
改错常考点：
时态、语态、人称一致
1. 动词 非谓语动词（doing, done,to do）
2. 名词（单复数，可数/不可数）不可数名词去掉s, 可数名词复数加s, 所有格’s
3. 介词。错用，漏用，多用，固定短语。
4. 形容词和副词互换，比较级最高级，变反义词。
5. 冠词。a, an, the混用。遗漏
6. 连词错用（and, but, or等)
7. 代词错用。（性别错，单数复数混淆，人称代词和反身代词混淆）
8. 从句的连词，关系词，引导词错用。注意：肯定句中的“和”and, 否定句中是or
9. 固定短语或用法。如：look forward to +doing
10. 副词错用。（so, such, however, never, ever, too, either, than等）
11. 句子成分缺失。如：willing to 前缺少了be 动词。
注意：缺词和漏词，主要考虑冠词，介词或句子成分。
学生做好笔记之后，熟记这些考点和规则，再通过大量的练习学会找出错误和改错的方法。
通过对以上四个专题进行少教多学的教学方法，学生在实践中，自己做题，自己感悟，自己总结，并与同组组员讨论和听取老师的补充指导，得出了完整的解题思路和方法，再通过大量的练习之后，能够做到心中有考点，做题有思路，做出的正确率提高了很多。因此，根据少教多学在阅读、完型、语篇填空、短文改错中的应用，我深刻的体会到学生通过这样的方法，主动的把知识转化成为了应用能力，快速的就提高了英语素养。高三英语的二轮复习采用少教多学的方法，经过实践是行之有效的。（中文3761字，英文2896字）
【参考文献】：
[1]谈谈如何进行高三英语二轮复习 百度文库专业文档
[2] 2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标III卷）
作者：资远英，女，1982年7月生，汉族，籍贯：云南绥江，毕业于云南师范大学 英语专业，现任砚山县第一中学英语教师，担任高中英语的教学。